1. Lobby 中文
2. Lobby中文动词
3. Lobby 中文

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游说集团（英語：Lobbying），又称院外集团或政治游说，是嘗試影響立法人員或立法機構成員的政治決定或行為。遊說由許多不同類型的人員、組織與團體，包括私人機構、企業、部分已經同意遊說目的的立法人員、政府人員或利益團體進行。遊說人員可能是某個選舉區的投票者或已經形成共識的某個團體，也可能是一家公司員工。專業的遊說人員可以代表他們的客戶去影響立法、行政法規、政府決策、行為或政策。個人或非營利組織也可能進行遊說，比如一家公司總裁為了一項計畫與某位代表會談，一個積極份子可能為了某個理念跟立法人員倡議某項法案，政府時常會界定並管制有影響力的遊說團體。

美國[编辑]

美国议会政治中很有代表性的政治现象。很多为利益集团代言、也有不少遊說集團也同時為公眾利益代言，对拥有立法权的参議院、众議院两院的议员进行游说，并从受益集团获取经济利益，这在美国的政治中心城市已经形成了一个产业链。其代表人物是杰克·阿布拉莫夫，有美国游说业“教父”之称。

相關[编辑]

• 戰國策《說難》韓非
• 《攻敵必救》 2009年美國電影，劇情描述遊說團體之間的競爭

參考文獻[编辑]

• Joos, Klemens: Lobbying in the new Europe. Successful representation of interests after the Treaty of Lisbon, 244 pages, ISBN 978-3-527-50597-5, Wiley VCH 2011
• Geiger, Andreas: EU Lobbying handbook, A guide to modern participation in Brussels, 244 pages, ISBN 3-9811316-0-6, Helios Media GmbH, 2006
• GLOSSARY - Alphabetical list of terms associated with the Lobbying industry
• The Bulletin, 16 March 2006, p. 14, Lobbying Europe: facts and fiction
• The European Lawyer, December 2005/January 2006, p. 9, The lobbyists have landed
• Financial Times, 3 October 2005, p. 8, Brussels braces for a U.S. lobbying invasion
• Public Affairs News, November 2004, p. 34, Judgement Call
• The European Lawyer, December 2004/January 2005, p. 26, Lifting the lid on lobbying
• Pier Luigi Petrillo, Democracies under Pressures. Lobbies and Parliaments in a comparative public law, Giuffrè 2011 (www.giuffre.it)
• Pietro Semeraro, I delitti di millantato credito e traffico di influenza,ed. Giuffre, Milano,2000.
• Pietro Semeraro, Trading in Influence and Lobbying in the Spanish Criminal Code, PDF
• Wiszowaty, Marcin: Legal Regulation of Lobbying in New Members States of the European Union, Arbeitspapiere und Materialien - Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universitat Bremen, No. 74: Heiko Pleines (ed.): Participation of Civil Society in New Modes of Governance. The Case of the New Member States. Part 2: Questions of Accountability. February 2006 (PDF)
• Heiko Kretschmer/ Hans-Jörg Schmedes: Enhancing Transparency in EU Lobbying? How the European Commission's Lack of Courage and Determination Impedes Substantial Progress, Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft 1/ 2010, S. 112-122
• Lobbying. BBC News: Politics (London: BBC). 22 December 2005 [2007-01-30].
• Police loans inquiry is widenened. BBC News: Politics (London: BBC). 30 March 2006 [2007-01-30].

延伸阅读[编辑]

[在维基数据编辑]

《欽定古今圖書集成·理學彙編·學行典·游說部》，出自《古今圖書集成》

外部連接[编辑]

• Lobbying (Politics)在《大英百科全书》在线版的页面 （英文）

美國[编辑]

Lobby 中文

Lobby中文动词

• Lobbyists.info - The largest, comprehensive database of 22,000 registered lobbyists. Contains searchable profiles of lobbyists and government relations professionals, their clients and issues.
• Top 25 Lobbying Groups. [2017-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2002-12-03）. - Fortune listed the top 25 lobbying groups in 1999.
• LobbyWatch - a project of the Center for Public Integrity with reports on lobbyists and lobbying efforts as well as a searchable database.
• NoLobby.com - Capitalism Magazine mini-site. Opposes lobbying restrictions on free speech grounds.
• The Citizen's Guide to the U.S. Government - an online tutorial containing information for individuals who wish to address issues with their elected officials.
• Free Speech National Right to Life page containing documents opposing excessive regulation of 'lobbying' as infringement on 'right to petition' guaranteed by the First Amendment.
• First Street Research Group powered by https://web.archive.org/web/20120115155817/http://firststreet.cqpress.com/ - reports and analysis on the lobbying industry

歐洲[编辑]

Lobby 中文

• The Lobby Ticker - website of independent Austrian MEP Hans-Peter Martin with original lobbyist invitations and voting recommendations he received
• euroXpress www.euroxpress.es
• Alliance for Lobbying Transparency - UK based campaign
• OECD: Special Session on Lobbying: Enhancing Transparency and Accountability 7–8 June 2007

英漢例句

• hsbc continues to lobby for a listing of its shares in shanghai.

  匯豐繼續游說將其股票在上交所掛牌上市。

• they have offices in beijing, and they lobby the chinese government through uncharted back channels and are in what amounts to a continuous dialogue about what is and what is not acceptable.

  他們在北京設有辦事處，并且通過幕后渠道游說著中國政府，好比置身於一場圍繞著什么可以什么不可以而展開的連續對話。

• the queue, which began forming hours before the doors officially opened, stretched across the lobby and onto the pavement in front of the downtown convention centre.

  在市大會中心的門還沒有正式打開之前，門前數幾小時排成了一列長隊，它曲曲折折穿過大廳到達中心門前。

• two american academics, john mearsheimer and stephen walt, made the claim in a book in 2007 that without the israel lobby george bush would not have invaded iraq.

  兩位美國學者，約翰.米爾斯海默和斯蒂芬.沃爾特，2007年在一本書中稱，如果沒有以色列游說議員，喬治.布什不可能侵襲伊拉克。

• that leaves the true finns well positioned to lobby for cabinet seats.

  現在的情況有利於真芬黨游說以獲取內閣席位。

• but long after that goal was met, the housing lobby barred almost all efforts to rein them in.

  但是目標實現以后很久，房地產業的游說卻使得所有控制兩房的努力都化為烏有了。

• with passenger of the lobby reform, we draw back the curtains through out the windows and let the sunshine in.

  游說改革法案的通過，讓我們拉開窗簾，打開窗戶，讓陽光超進來。

• i walked into the lobby of my apartment building recently and was greeted by this notice: 「to whoever is watering these plants, please stop.

  最近我走進公寓大廳時看到一則告示：「任何正在給這些植物澆水的人在看到這則告示后，請立即停止澆水。

• the main business lobby group in brussels is opposed as well.

  布魯塞爾的主要商業游說集團也表示了反對。

• on any given afternoon, our lobby was bright with sunshine and filled with the music of a player piano—and at least two cats could be found rolling and playing there like happy kids.

  無論哪天下午你去看看，大廳那里總是陽光明媚，那座可現場演奏的鋼琴也總是琴聲不斷，人們還能看到至少兩只貓，在地上打滾玩耍，就像兩個快樂的孩子。

• instead, we seem to still rely on the creativity and competence of politicians to solve problems, which always somehow seem to be tied in with which lobby is the strongest in washington.

  不過，看上去我們仍然在依賴政客們的創新精神和才干來解決問題，也就是說，似乎總是看華盛頓的哪個游說團體實力最強勁。

• second, the signatories’ want their countries to lobby for europe to have a more responsible and active relationship with america.

  其次，聯名者希望他們各自的國家能為歐洲游說，使歐洲同美國的關系更活躍可靠。

• for your safety, please follow me to the lobby by the emergency exit, please leave your luggage behind and don’t use the elevator, thank you for your cooperation.

  但火勢已經得到控制，請各位保持冷靜，為了您的安全起見，請隨我由緊急出口到大堂，請勿攜帶任何行李也不要使用電梯，多謝您的合作。

• 」you can lobby for better projects and ask for assignments that will showcase your skills and heighten your credibility, ' wendleton notes -- but don「t be surprised if you don」t get them.

  溫德爾頓強調：“可以游說老板給你更好的項目，要求做那些能更好展現技術和提高聲望的工作任務。」但如果不能如愿以償，也不要大驚小怪。

• we don't need to lobby in brussels, he says;we need to convince our own politicians.

  我們不需要在布魯塞爾游說，他說，我們需要說服自己的政客。

• some mbc employees are sleeping in the station’s lobby to prevent police from seizing their videotapes and notes.

  一些mbc雇員正睡在電視臺的大廳以阻止警方扣押他們的錄影帶和記錄。

• why? because ethanol is domestic: it replaces oil, and the farm lobby is powerful.

  為啥？因為乙醇是國貨：它替代原油，而且農場游說團強大得很。

• the confederation of british industry, a business lobby group, estimates that £15 billion could be saved by treating chronic diseases at home.

  英國工業聯合會是一個商業游說團體，它估計通過在家中治療慢性疾病可以節省約15億英鎊。

• it held the record for the highest lobby in the world until the shanghai park hyatt eclipsed it.

  它在世界上保持了最高的大廳的記錄，直到上海公園凱悅使它黯然失色為止。

• but at the end of last year, collectively they were only 44% of the way towards hitting the 2010 target according to one, a london-based lobby group.

  然而總部設在倫敦的游說團體one提供的數據顯示，這些發達國家在去年年底一共才完成了2010年援助目標的44%。

• compassion in world farming, a lobby group, fears that crowded-in heifers will be stressed and unhappy.

  世界農業同情會，一個游說團體，擔心擁擠中的小母牛將會緊張和不開心。